Global Mental Health of Urban Mothers

Summary

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Pregnancy is a period of transition and great change, which may make some women more vulnerable to mental health problems. It is known that depressive symptoms during pregnancy may influence birth outcomes. Perinatal mental health disorders may become more prevalent during a time of acute crisis, an...

Pregnancy is a period of transition and great change, which may make some women more vulnerable to mental health problems. It is known that depressive symptoms during pregnancy may influence birth outcomes. Perinatal mental health disorders may become more prevalent during a time of acute crisis, and the prevalence of maternal anxiety, distress, and perinatal depression can be expected to increase globally, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there might be cross-national differences in the risk factors and impact of pandemic on the prevalence of perinatal mental health disorders. Some pregnant women might be predisposed to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during a crisis situation, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Mothers who developed PTSD in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks had lower morning and evening salivary cortisol levels, compared to mothers who did not develop PTSD. Beyond effects on the mother alone, perinatal mental health issues can have long-term effects on child´s mental and physical health, as well as the participants behavior and cognition. Distress in pregnant women may affect the fetus and is known to induce epigenetic changes in the placental genes. Increased risk of psychopathology is observed in children exposed to maternal prenatal distress. Elevated maternal cortisol and epigenetic regulation of placental glucocorticoid-pathway genes are potential mechanisms for these observations. Women often express feelings of inadequacy in the new mothering role, which can furthermore negatively impact the participants mental health and the relationship to the infant. Effective treatments are needed to address high global rates of postpartum depression (PPD) with onset typically within 4 weeks after delivery and maternal depression up to two years after delivery. Programs aimed at reducing PPD could achieve the most cost-efficient results by focusing efforts in the critical time periods around childbirth. Web-based psychosocial support provided by trained public health nurses is an effective treatment method for PPD. Limited public health resources are challenges to the accessibility of mental health services, which is why the use of web-based psychosocial support could be a good alternative. Women perceive the risk for themselves or their infants to be above average during global crises, which increases the levels of uncertainty. However, face-to-face consultations during a pandemic are likely to increase the risk of disease transmission. Therefore, easily accessible eHealth support could provide fast and resource-effective care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study will generate evidence on whether web-based early intervention programs could be efficient in ameliorating the risk and severity of perinatal mental health disorders, and inform best clinical practice for women affected by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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