Early Intervention in Infants With Cerebral Palsy

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Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of motor and cognitive disabilities in childhood affecting around 1 out of 500 newborn infants. Contractures and joint deformities are frequent complications, which limit the functional abilities of the children from an early age and are a main life-long ...

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of motor and cognitive disabilities in childhood affecting around 1 out of 500 newborn infants. Contractures and joint deformities are frequent complications, which limit the functional abilities of the children from an early age and are a main life-long challenge for social integration and participation. The functional limitations imposed by the combination of weak paretic muscles and contractures in early childhood also reduce the child´s possibilities of active exploration of its environment and social interaction with its peers. This may have secondary impact on cognitive development and cognitive performance later in life. Therefore, early intervention to prevent contractures is pivotal in helping motor and cognitive development in children with CP and thereby enable social integration and optimal cognitive and motor performance throughout their life time. The importance of prevention of contractures is also emphasized by the realization that none of the surgical, medical or physical therapies that we have available provide an efficient treatment of contractures once they have become manifest and interfere with joint mobility. There is growing evidence that reduced growth of muscles is a key factor in the development of contractures. If muscles fail to grow at the same rate as bones they will be subjected to abnormal tension. This and the lack of muscle use may stimulate growth of connective tissue in the muscles causing a stiffer extracellular matrix. Growth of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in infants with CP deviates from that of typically developing (TD) infants around the age of 12-15 month. Pathologically increased stiffness of the muscle tissue is seen some months later consistent with a causal relation between reduced growth and increased stiffness. These findings indicate that efficient prevention of contractures will have to take place before the age of one years and will need to focus on stimulation of muscle growth as a key factor. Muscle growth depends crucially on muscle use, which is the exact challenge that infants with CP are faced with. How do we get a child who has difficulty activating its muscles to do so when that child has no prior experience of using its muscles and limbs and has little verbal understanding of what it is we want it to do? There is now evidence to support that the early development of the motor system is highly plastic and depends crucially on activity-dependent interaction with the environment. Experimental evidence from kittens and rodents support the existence of a sensitive period soon after birth where descending connections from the motor cortex to the spinal cord are re-organized in an activity-dependent manner. Functional deficits in mature animals who have received central motor lesions prior to or in relation to birth appear to depend on the extent to which this activity-dependent re-organization takes place during the sensitive period. It is unknown whether a similar sensitive period exists in humans, but there is reason to believe that the first 5-6 month after birth constitute a period where the motor system undergo rapid changes that may resemble the sensitive period in rodents and kittens. This period is characterized in humans by so-called fidgety movements (FM) which may reflect a ´calibration´ of the sensori-motor system, where descending connections are re-organized similar to what is seen in animals. Children also acquire the ability of goal-directed movements using visual feedback during this period, which may be related to maturation of the connections from motor cortex to the spinal cord. There is also evidence that 5-6 month old children have acquired a sense of agency over their own movements and a basic understanding of how they may use their body to control their environment. Sensory feedback and reward that are associated to successful behavior play an important role in this early establishment of movement control. Thelen & Fissher showed that when infants at an very early age can activate a mobile by own spontaneous movements, movement of the infant increased. The initial 5-6 month after term may therefore provide a window of opportunity where it is possible to facilitate normal development of movement and thereby also prevent contractures through the concomitant muscle growth-stimulus. An intervention in which infants in that age group are stimulated to move by their parents at home under supervision by therapists has indeed been demonstrated to improve motor development in infants with high risk of cerebral palsy. Home-training technology that may facilitate the training and the interaction between therapists and the families are also now becoming available and have shown promising effects on motor development in preterm infants . Intensive goal-oriented training involving experiences of success and frequent reward within the first 5-6 month is therefore central in the intervention that we propose in the present protocol for prevention of contractures in infants at high risk of developing CP. Muscle growth does not only depend on neural and mechanical stimuli, but also on nutritional and metabolic stimuli. It is therefore important also to consider the nutritional status of the infant and especially whether nutrients that have a specific muscle growth promoting effect are delivered in sufficient quantity to the infant either through breast feeding or breast milk substitutes. The polyunsaturated fatty acid, Docosahexaenic acid (DHA) is considered essential for maturation of the developing brain and may also facilitate muscle growth. Supplementation with DHA is not recommended for healthy term-born infants, but may be important for development of preterm infants and especially for infants with brain lesion. In addition, Vitamin D also plays a role in regulating muscle growth and deficiency of Vitamin D has been suggested to be of importance in neurodevelopmental disorders. It is not clear whether early Vitamin D supplementation has beneficial effects on neurodevelopment and muscle growth, but is recommended for newborns in countries with limited sun exposure because of its beneficial effects on bone metabolism. Information about the nutritional status of mother and infant and subsequent supplementation could therefore be of importance to enhance facilitation of muscle growth in the infants. It should also be considered whether stimuli that may substitute the neural activation of the muscles such as electrical stimulation may be used when the child is not otherwise active (for instance during sleep) to help maintain muscle growth. Electrical muscle stimulation has been shown to diminish muscle atrophy in adults. The facilitation of muscle growth may help to postpone contracture development until communication with the (older) infant is easier and training goals may therefore be achieved more easily. The purpose of the present paper is consequently to describe a study protocol for a two-group open-label randomized clinical trial with blinded assessment of an early intervention program directed towards prevention of contractures.

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