Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Adolescent Depression: Efficacy, Predictive Biomarkers, and Mechanisms

Summary

Participation Requirements

Description

Adolescents with Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) (n=30) will be recruited from the inpatient and outpatient adolescent mental health clinical services at UMN and surrounding area. Adolescents and parents will undergo the consent process and initial clinical evaluation. This initial evaluation w...

Adolescents with Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) (n=30) will be recruited from the inpatient and outpatient adolescent mental health clinical services at UMN and surrounding area. Adolescents and parents will undergo the consent process and initial clinical evaluation. This initial evaluation will be done using the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL 2009) and the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R). Participants and their families will also be asked to complete the Antidepressant Treatment Report (ATR), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS), Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Edinburgh Handedness Scale, the Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) and the Tanner Pubertal Staging Questionnaire. Participants will also be asked to complete the NIH Toolbox, Children's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (CAVLT), and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Trail Making Test. Adolescents with TRD who fit inclusion/exclusion criteria (presence of major depression with CDRS-R raw score > 40; a history of at least one failed treatment trial with an antidepressant [as defined by the Antidepressant Treatment Report]; no history of seizure disorder; no presence of MRI contraindications [e.g. claustrophobia or metallic implants]) will be scheduled for: A. A baseline MRI (described below) B. 6 weeks of the series of rTMS visits described below C. A post-treatment MRI D. A post-treatment clinical assessment (blinded to treatment assignment) E. 6 monthly follow up visits In the first rTMS visit, the study physician will fit the cap, determine the ideal location for stimulation, and measure MT and MEPa. Adolescents will receive 6 weeks of rTMS, 20 minutes/day, 5 days/week administered by a trained technician. Active treatment will be 43 trains of 10 Hz, stimulation intensity will vary as described above, inter-train interval 20 seconds, 1680 pulses/session. A member of research staff will meet weekly with patients to complete the CDRS-R, monitor treatment tolerance using the Side Effects Form for Children and Adolescents, and measure the MT and MEPa. Adolescents will also complete the BDI-II, C-SSRS-SLV, IDAS, TEPS, YMRS, and SHAPS weekly. At week four, the participants will be asked to repeat the NIH Toolbox, Children's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (CAVLT), and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Trail Making Test. Scanning will take place at the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research on a 3T Siemens Prisma scanner at baseline (after the clinical assessment, before the first treatment) and after the last rTMS treatment. Participants will complete MRI safety forms and provide a urine sample to rule out substance use (all participants) and pregnancy (females only). A high-resolution T1 image will be collected (voxel size=1mm isotropic; TR=2530ms; TE=3.65ms, T1=1100ms, flip angle=7°, 5 minutes). Functional data will be acquired using the Human Connectome Project (HCP)38 multiband echo planar imaging sequence (whole brain T2*-weighted functional volumes, 72 contiguous slices; TR=720ms; TE=34.2ms; flip angle=55o, FOV=212mm; voxel size=2mm isotropic; matrix=106x106; multiband factor=8; 12 minutes) during rest with eyes open while viewing a fixation cross. Participants will be asked to complete a task fMRI in which they are presented with a series of visual stimuli, (human faces of varying emotion expressions with positive, negative or neutral words printed over the faces). During the task, participants will be asked to decide whether the words printed over the faces are positive or negative regardless of the emotion of the face shown. Each subject will complete four distinct blocks of the task. After the completion of rTMS sessions, all participants will undergo a final assessment during which they will be asked to meet with evaluators again to complete the CDRS-R. They will also be asked to complete the BDI-II, C-SSRS, TEPS, SHAPS, IDAS and NIH Toolbox. After the completion of all rTMS sessions, participants will be asked to return to see researchers every month for 6 months to assess length of treatment response.

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