Study of People With HIV Infection Who Have High Viral Loads Despite Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Summary

Participation Requirements

Description

Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved survival in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus type1 (HIV-1) infection. Despite recent development of more potent regimens with fewer toxicities and lower pill burden, there remains a subpopulation of subjects who fail to ...

Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved survival in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus type1 (HIV-1) infection. Despite recent development of more potent regimens with fewer toxicities and lower pill burden, there remains a subpopulation of subjects who fail to achieve and maintain viral suppression while on treatment. Factors known to contribute to virologic failure include suboptimal adherence, drug resistance, suboptimal regimen potency, sequential introduction of single drugs to a failing regimen, and reduced ART exposure due to impaired drug absorption or pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. This is a natural history protocol with intensive observation intended to characterize and manage HIV-infected subjects who have documented virologic failure on their current regimen and who have experienced virologic failure in meeting one of the following criteria: Documented virologic failure on at least 1 prior ART regimen and at least 2 consecutive HIV RNA plasma measurements of >1,000 copies/mL, including the last documented value, while on the current prescribed ART regimen for at least 6 months; or Documented extensive resistance to at least 3 ARV drug classes, and has persistent plasma viremia (HIV RNA > 1,000 copies/mL for > 6 months) despite multiple regimen changes, regardless of how long the subject has been prescribed his or her current regimen. We anticipate that, for a large proportion of the subjects enrolled in this protocol, nonadherence, with or without drug resistance, is the most common reason for the virologic failure. Another objective for the study is to assess the impact of a 7-day, inpatient, selfguided directly observed therapy (DOT) on HIV RNA kinetics, when subjects will receive their pre-enrollment ART regimens. During the DOT period, subjects will request their antiretroviral drugs at a pre-arranged time reflecting their home medication schedule. Failure to do so will be recorded and the medications will then be provided by the nursing staff. Adherence and psychosocial assessments will also be performed. Plasma concentrations from at least one of the antiretroviral drugs in the regimen will be measured on the first and last day of DOT to determine if suboptimal drug plasma concentration was a contributing factor to virologic failure. Within approximately 2 weeks, but no later than 4 weeks, after DOT (post-DOT phase), the research team will review the results from the HIV-1 viral load kinetics, current and cumulative genotypic and/or phenotypic resistance tests, ART history and responses, and other identified factors that could have contributed to the treatment failure (such as concomitant medications, history of antiretroviral AEs, and psychosocial barriers). The team will then design a new, individualized treatment plan for each subject. Subjects will either continue on their pre-enrollment ART regimen, or they will receive a new, individually tailored regimen. Only FDA-approved therapeutic agents will be offered on this protocol. Subjects may be co-enrolled in an experimental protocol for optimal management of HIV disease, if one is available and eligibility criteria are met. New regimens will be monitored during a second 7-day, inpatient, self-guided DOT. Subjects will be followed after the DOT at week 2 (plus/minus 3 working days), 4 (plus/minus 3 working days), 8 (plus/minus 7 days), and 12 (plus/minus 7 days), and then every 3 months (plus/minus 2 weeks) for up to 2 years, with the option of extending participation longer if necessary. The same treatment plan may be repeated if a subject fails to respond to a new regimen. In a select group of subjects who fail to achieve viral suppression, advanced HIV-1 variant analysis may be used to attempt to identify the presence of minority drug resistant variants. This analysis will be used as supplemental information to construct new regimens for this group of subjects. Samples of plasma, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells will be stored for further evaluation of virologic evolution and other factors that may be contributing to treatment failure in this population.

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