Electronic Messaging to Increase Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Utilization and Adherence Among College Students

Summary

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Description

Oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can cause cervical cancer, with HPV types 16 and 18 causing roughly 70% of cervical cancers worldwide.1 Persistent HPV infection has also been linked to vaginal and vulvar cancer in women, penile cancer in men, as well as oral pharyngeal cancer...

Oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can cause cervical cancer, with HPV types 16 and 18 causing roughly 70% of cervical cancers worldwide.1 Persistent HPV infection has also been linked to vaginal and vulvar cancer in women, penile cancer in men, as well as oral pharyngeal cancer, anal cancer, and genital warts in both sexes.2-4 There are two safe and effective vaccines which protect against HPV types 16 and 18 and one of the two vaccines (HPV4) also protects against two additional HPV types that account for 90% of the cases of genital warts.5 Because HPV vaccination provides maximum protection if administered prior to sexual debut, HPV4 guidelines recommend administration to males and females ages 11 and 12, with catch-up vaccination up to age 26, for the prevention of cervical and anal cancers as well as for the prevention of genital warts.1,5-8 Although vaccination against HPV-related cancers is a significant breakthrough, uptake is low. The National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-teen) estimated that in 2013, HPV vaccination coverage for 13-17 year-old females was 37.6%, while for males in the same age group coverage was 13.9%. Additionally, coverage for 13-17 year-old females dropped slightly between 2011 and 2012.9 Although vaccination coverage for teens has been increasing over time overall, these rates are far from meeting the Healthy People 2020 goal of 80% of 13-15 year old females being fully vaccinated against HPV by 2020. In addition to teens, it has been shown that there is a benefit to providing HPV vaccines to young adults, even those who have already been sexually active. However, an NIS-adult study showed that only 10-12% of 18-26 year-old women are completing the HPV vaccine series.10 Additionally, studies have found significantly lower completion rates among African Americans.9,11-12 This is problematic given that African American women demonstrate a mortality rate from cervical cancer that is twice that of Caucasian women.13 It has also been suggested that lack of knowledge may be a barrier to vaccine adherence14 and that educational interventions may increase adherence among 18-26 year-old women.12 Given the importance of immunizing young adults for the prevention of cancer and given the low uptake of HPV vaccines in this group, it is important to develop and evaluate strategies to increase use and adherence among this population. We sought to understand whether a low-cost intervention of electronic (text and/or email) appointment reminders coupled with electronic health educational messaging about HPV and the HPV vaccine could increase HPV vaccine utilization, adherence, and knowledge among college students (both female and male) attending a large university in eastern North Carolina. Although we only found one peer-reviewed study that assessed text and email electronic HPV reminders primarily among adolescents, we found a few other studies that assessed mail and telephone HPV vaccination reminders among adolescents. All of these studies found vaccination reminders to be effective in increasing adherence among adolescents and/or young adults.15-17 Hard copy and electronic messaging reminders have also proven to be effective when coupled with other prevention strategies such as immunizations for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia as well as screening for colon, breast, and cervical cancer in adults.18 We found no literature that tested electronic HPV vaccine interventions among a college population. Our primary hypothesis was that students who receive the intervention would be more compliant in their uptake of the second (HPV-2) and third (HPV-3) doses of the vaccine as compared to the control group. Secondarily, we further hypothesized that students that receive the intervention will demonstrate higher knowledge about HPV and the HPV vaccine as compared to the control group and that African American students and younger students (defined as 18-19 years of age) would be less compliant as compared to Caucasian and older students (defined as students 20 and older), as demonstrated in the literature. Lastly, we sought to describe satisfaction of health messages and reminders among those that received it.

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